Personality

While deciding on how to create the personality class that would be used in the project I researched various psychological methods for defining a personalty. From past research done on personality in games I found the big five personality factors, five factors that are the generalized manifestations of all the factor observed by psychologists giving a base from which to start. There are other methods usually linked to the big five in some way such as the six HEXACO personality factors which has the same generalized manifestations however this method includes honesty and humility(H) and the agreeableness factor(A) is not exactly the same as the agreeableness factor of the big five. Also there are the 16 personality factors(16PF), created by Raymond Cattell. The 16PF came before the big five and are a much more accurate assortment of personality factors, Raymond Cattell found the creation of the big five personality factors an insult to his 16PF but it has been shown that the there is a link between the two.

The big five personality factors are Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness.

1. Extraversion: This factor is the combination of extrovert and introvert. Extrovert is characterized by positive emotions and a tendency towards being social and perceived to be energetic. Introvert is characterized by a lack of energetic tendencies and being quiet and less social, this can also be related to shyness and depression.
2. Agreeableness: This factor is a combination of agreeable and disagreeable. Agreeable is characterized by a tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others. Disagreeable is characterized by self-interest and skepticism, with a less likly chance that they will help others.
3. Conscientiousnes: This factor is characterized by self-discipline and self-control and shows a tendency to plan rather than take spontaneous action.
4. Neuroticism: This factor is characterized by negative emotions, also referred to as emotional instability. A high neuroticism factor will increase the likelihood of becoming easily upset and vulnerable to stress. A low neuroticism factor are less likely to become upset and tend to be calm and free from persistant negative feelings.
5. Openness: This factor is characterized by who open someone is to emotion, adventure, unusual ideas an imagination. This is the factor that is the difference between imaginative people and down to earth people. A high openness factor tends to imply a more creative person with unconventional beliefs while a low openness factor tends to imply a more conventional, straightforward person.

These personality factors are used as the base formula for determining which emotion the characters in the application show and this is used to influence events. However, the formulas used to determine the emotions are not very varied and in four of the six cases are exactly the same. To get around this the use of fuzzy logic would be prudent however as the initial application should only use finite state machines(FSM) another way to vary the formulas are needed, for this a look at other related methods.

The 16PF method is what the big five are based on.

Descriptors of Low Range	Primary Factor	Descriptors of High Range
Reserve, impersonal, distant, cool, reserved, impersonal, detached, formal, aloof (Sizothymia)	Warmth	Warm, outgoing, attentive to others, kindly, easy going, participating, likes people (Affectothymia)
Concrete thinking, lower general mental capacity, less intelligent, unable to handle abstract problems (Lower Scholastic Mental Capacity)	Reasoning	Abstract-thinking, more intelligent, bright, higher general mental capacity, fast learner (Higher Scholastic Mental Capacity)
Reactive emotionally, changeable, affected by feelings, emotionally less stable, easily upset (Lower Ego Strength)	Emotional Stability	Emotionally stable, adaptive, mature, faces reality calm (Higher Ego Strength)
Deferential, cooperative, avoids conflict, submissive, humble, obedient, easily led, docile, accommodating (Submissiveness)	Dominance	Dominant, forceful, assertive, aggressive, competitive, stubborn, bossy (Dominance)
Serious, restrained, prudent, taciturn, introspective, silent (Desurgency)	Liveliness	Lively, animated, spontaneous, enthusiastic, happy go lucky, cheerful, expressive, impulsive (Surgency)
Expedient, nonconforming, disregards rules, self indulgent (Low Super Ego Strength)	Rule-Consciousness	Rule-conscious, dutiful, conscientious, conforming, moralistic, staid, rule bound (High Super Ego Strength)
Shy, threat-sensitive, timid, hesitant, intimidated (Threctia)	Social Boldness	Socially bold, venturesome, thick skinned, uninhibited (Parmia)
Utilitarian, objective, unsentimental, tough minded, self-reliant, no-nonsense, rough (Harria)	Sensitivity	Sensitive, aesthetic, sentimental, tender minded, intuitive, refined (Premsia)
Trusting, unsuspecting, accepting, unconditional, easy (Alaxia)	Vigilance	Vigilant, suspicious, skeptical, distrustful, oppositional (Protension)
Grounded, practical, prosaic, solution orientated, steady, conventional (Praxernia)	Abstractedness	Abstract, imaginative, absent minded, impractical, absorbed in ideas (Autia)
Forthright, genuine, artless, open, guileless, naive, unpretentious, involved (Artlessness)	Privateness	Private, discreet, nondisclosing, shrewd, polished, worldly, astute, diplomatic (Shrewdness)
Self-Assured, unworried, complacent, secure, free of guilt, confident, self satisfied (Untroubled)	Apprehension	Apprehensive, self doubting, worried, guilt prone, insecure, worrying, self blaming (Guilt Proneness)
Traditional, attached to familiar, conservative, respecting traditional ideas (Conservatism)	Openness to Change	Open to change, experimental, liberal, analytical, critical, free thinking, flexibility (Radicalism)
Group-oriented, affiliative, a joiner and follower dependent (Group Adherence)	Self-Reliance	Self-reliant, solitary, resourceful, individualistic, self sufficient (Self-Sufficiency)
Tolerated disorder, unexacting, flexible, undisciplined, lax, self-conflict, impulsive, careless of social rues, uncontrolled (Low Integration)	Perfectionism	Perfectionistic, organized, compulsive, self-disciplined, socially precise, exacting will power, control, self –sentimental (High Self-Concept Control)
Relaxed, placid, tranquil, torpid, patient, composed low drive (Low Ergic Tension)	Tension	Tense, high energy, impatient, driven, frustrated, over wrought, time driven. (High Ergic Tension)

Contributions and Limitations of Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factor Model, 2004, Heather M. Fehriinger. Available as:<http://www.personalityresearch.org/papers/fehringer.html>[Accessed 12 March 2011]

By taking all the personality factors that correspond to emotion and the emotions represented in the application, Dominance, Liveliness, Apprehension, Sensitivity and Abstractedness are the ones that are correspond. Even though Emotional Stability is relevant to emotions it is a generalized factor and is included in the big five, also the other factors can be assigned a corresponding emotion(s). Adding into the formula, Dominance for anger, Liveliness for happiness and sadness, Apprehension for fear, sensitivity for disgust and Abstractedness for surprise. These new emotional personality factors also correspond to aspects of the big five so the same modifiers used for the big five should be used for the emotional factors.

Relating these personality factors to the events means there must be some way to judge there relevance. Based on the Revised NEO(Neuroticism,Extraversion,Openness) Personality Inventory(NEO PI-I) there are 6 "facets" that relate to the big five. By using these facets to relate an event with the personality model the application can judge the intensity of the event. By having the event trigger the strength of the personality factor that will then influence the emotion the character feels, the application can then generate different results for each event, just like in reality.

Revised NEO Personality Inventory, 2011, Wikipedia. Available as:<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_NEO_Personality_Inventory>[Accessed 12 March 2011]